parenchyma is a type of which tissue

These cells lose power of division. Phloem fibres It can account for around 80 % of the living cells of a plant. Phloem fibres Sclereids possess numerous pits as compared to the fibres. In parenchymatous tissue all cells are isodiametric and thin walled. Hard, structural features such as bark, outer coverings, and major veins in these structures are “structural” rather than “parenchymal” tissue. It also helps in the storage of food. Furthermore, parenchyma cells lack a secondary wall and lignin deposition. It is of three types - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma is one of the three main types of ground, or fundamental, tissue in plants, together with sclerenchyma (dead support tissues with thick walls) and collenchyma (living support tissues with irregular walls). Fibre cells are dead cells. Ground. Here are the most common uses of the word “parenchyma.” Plant Parenchyma. In the hypodermis of Helianthus, only the tangential walls of collenchyma are thickened and the radial walls are devoid of thickening. 8.1, 8.6) is a cell and tissue type in which the cells have only thin primary walls; the cells are unspecialized, lack the characteristic wall of collenchyma and the secondary walls of sclerenchyma; the cells have live nucleate protoplast concerned with various physiological activities in plants; the cells are meristematic, or permanent, simple homogeneous (i.e. SURVEY . parenchyma tissue. A specialized type of tissue, called the meristematic parenchyma, is composed of group of parenchyma cells that have retained their dividing ability. Scientists began using the term when tissue types were described based on superficial similarities, and attempts were made to draw similarities between tissue types in different living organisms. The cells may be oval, circular or poly­gonal with intercellular spaces. This tissue is present in all organs of the plant e.g., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. i. Prosenchyma: it is long and tapering parenchymatous cell present in some plants. A. Simple tissues are homogeneous and composed of only one type of cell. Parenchyma Tissue also known as mesenchymal tissue is spongy tissue. Phloem parenchyma also contain resins and tannins in some plants. Parenchyma cells may be oval, polyhedral, cylindrical, irregular, elongated or armed. seed coat of Pisum. . What is parenchyma and of which tissue type is it usually comprised? NEET Biology Parenchyma Tissue Multiple Choice Questions make you feel confident in answering the question in the exam & increases your scores to high. Parenchyma is found in all parts of plant such as cortex, pith, palisade, mesophyll, flower, seed etc; It is also found in vascular tissues. Simple tissue. Permanent Tissues The permanent tissue develops from meristematic cells which get differentiated. Explore important MCQs for NEET from parenchyma tissue here. In plants, parenchyma refers to a specific type of ground tissue with thin cell walls and the ability to grow and divide. Tissue Types And Tissue Systems Different Tissues with their brief explanation, their structure, their functions and their role is shown in the following diagram. Types of Parenchymatous Tissue Parenchyma tissue in plants can be classified based on their shape, arrangement and functions. 3 Types Parenchyma. eg. (2017, May 26). These cells are called chlorenchyma. Parenchyma is a tissue composed of living cells, usuallyhaving only thin primary cell walls and varying widely by morphology andmetabolism. Parenchyma is of different types and some of them are discussed as follows. In transverse section, the fibres are polygonal with narrow lumen. , following types of parenchyma can be recognised. Answer: Sclerenchymatous tissue Q27: What are the constituents of phloem? BOTANY LAB It is the Chlorenchyma tissue, a type of parenchyma that is responsible for the process of photosynthesis. The cells may be oval, circular or poly­gonal with intercellular spaces. They vary greatly in shape and thickness. ground tissue. 7. sclerenchyma tissue. The sclereids are different from fibres in the following respects. Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail, Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa paradisiaca, Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos nucifera, Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells, Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue, Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem, Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres, Epidermal tissue system and its functions, Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root, Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root. They store starch and fats. Collenchyma cells mainly form supporting tissue and have irregular cell walls. The cells of this tissue are loosely packed and contain large intercellular spaces between them. A second major parenchyma type used for storage is ray parenchyma. Parenchyma tissue is a type of simple permanent tissue that is fundamental to all plants. These are some characteristics of parenchyma * parenchyma is most simple and unspecialized primitive tissue. Each cell has a vacuole at the center. In plants, parenchyma cells are a distinct type of tissue that can grow and divide and they have a thin cell wall. xylem tissue. Tags: Question 4 . Ground tissue is anything that is not vascular tissue or part of the dermis (skin) of the plant. The tissue is elastic or extensible, which gives flexibility to the stems in bending without breakage. Types of Parenchyma. Permanent tissues differe from meristematic tissue in (a) Inability to divide (b) attainment of definite shape and size (c) performing a distinct function (d) all the above . . They perform many basic plant cell functions, including storage, photosynthesis, and secretion. They function in storage, photosynthesis, and as the bulk of ground and vascular tissues. Cell types present. 6. It possesses simple pits. Parenchyma makes up most of the cells within leaves, flowers, and fruits. Chlorenchyma is the parenchyma in which the cells contain large number of chloroplasts. Parenchyma (Figs. The fibres that are found in the seed coat of some seeds are called surface fibres. It is generally present in all organs of the plant. For instance, when a plant gets wounded, the surrounding parenchyma cells may develop to replace the lost cells. Parenchyma cells may be oval, spherical, rectangular, cylindrical or stellate. 1.Parenchyma . It constitutes the ground tissue in a plant. It mainly consists of thin walled cells which have intercellular spaces between them. In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. Parenchyma is … Parenchyma– These tissues are found in the soft parts of a plant such as the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. It is generally present in all organs of the plant. Parenchyma . The cell wall is made up of cellulose. This air filled parenchyma tissue is called aerenchyma. The parenchyma cells that are stored with starch grains are called storage parenchyma. They provide mechanical strength to the plants and protect them from the strong winds. Thus, we can consider this as the key difference between collenchyma and chlorenchyma. It mainly acts as a packing tissue, providing mechanical support. Tissues Class 9 MCQ/Objective questions NCERT Science Chapter 5. A generalized plant cell type, parenchyma cells are alive at maturity. This type is called angular collenchyma. It consists of more or less elongated cells, which are polygonal in cross section. Another definition of “parenchyma” is a definition applied to cancer and other growths. In the petioles of banana and Canna, star shaped parenchyma cells are found. 5. 30 seconds . They are non-vascular and composed of simple, living and undifferentiated cells, which are modified to perform various functions. When discussing growths, the “parenchyma” is the pathological tissue of the growth which is capable of growing and reproducing. This tissue is present in all organs of the plant e.g., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. They lack protoplasts. Plant tissues PARENCHYMA P arenchyma is not a highly specialized tissue involved in many functions such as photosynthesis, storage, synthesis and processing of many substances, and tissue repairing. These are living cells. Which of the following is a type of tissue in plants that is dead at maturity? This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs or of structures, namely, the connective tissues. The term “parenchyma” has sometimes been used to describe the spongy, connective tissues of invertebrates such as flatworms. stem and root tubers. Parenchyma makes up most of the cells within leaves, flowers, and fruits. para- beside, engchyma-tissue): a. Parenchyma b. Sclerenchyma c. Collenchyma d. All of these are alive at maturity. On this basis, following types of parenchyma can be recognised. Scientists are easily confused and imprecise with their language. ii. It is absent in the roots of land plants. Parenchyma tissue normally has prominent intercellular spaces. Parenchyma makes up most of the cells within leaves, flowers, and fruits. The cell wall is made up of cellulose. These are sometimes associated with vascular bundles and generally located in the hypodermis layer (underneath the epidermis ). Parenchyma tissue is one of the three types of ground tissues in plants. The collenchyma tissue can classify into many types depending upon the pattern of wall thickening and cell arrangement, and their location. Eg pericylce. “Parenchyma.”, Biologydictionary.net Editors. Parenchyma is a tissue composed of polyhedral living cells having thin walls and is concerned with vegetative activities of the plant. It also occurs in petiole and pedicel. Parenchyma cells called idioblasts have metabolic waste. They are very long and narrow with pointed ends. Practice more on a regular basis with these NEET Biology objective questions on air pollution and improve your subject knowledge & problem-solving skills along with time management. Answer: Four types:. eg. companion, nuclei. Parenchyma is the precursor of all the other tissues. Sclerenchyma, parenchyma. Parenchyma is the tissue made up of cells and intercellular spaces that fills the interior of the body of a flatworm, which is an acoelomate. Parenchyma cells may be oval, spherical, rectangular, cylindrical or stellate. A. A tissue with the cells of similar structure and function is called simple tissue. *Response times vary by subject and question complexity. Type # 1. Parenchyma – The cells of this tissue are living, with thin cell walls. Besides cellulose, the cell wall contains high amounts of hemicellulose and pectin. Simple permanent tissues are of three types— parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Epithelial tissue is protective tissue in animal body – True; Bone and cartilage are two types of areolar connective tissue – False Correct statement: Bone and cartilage are two types of supportive connective tissue. These are living cells. In aquatic plants, aerenchyma tissues, or large air cavities, give support to float on water by making them buoyant. A type of simple permanent tissue, parenchyma makes up for the major part of the ground tissues in plants. * It mainly consists of thin walled cells which have intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma is a simple tissue – True; Phloem is made up of Tracheids – False 0. It is a living, polygonal cell with a large central vacuole, and intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma is a living tissue and made up of thin walled cells. They are present in all , pteridophytes, gymnosperms and dicots. It occurs in the leaves and other green parts of the plant body. Parenchyma tissue is a type of non-vascular tissue that is composed of simple, living and undifferentiated cells. These layers constitute the hypodermis. Nymphaea and Hydrilla. Collenchyma is divided into three types -lamellar, angular and lacunate collenchyma. B. Collenchyma is a living tissue. NOT:parenchyma and ground tissue dermal and vascular tissue. Parenchyma may store various types of materials like, water, air, ergastic substances. Chlorenchyma is the parenchyma in which the cells contain large number of chloroplasts. The parenchyma is the functional parts of an organ, or of a structure such as a tumour in the body. LeMone, P., Burke, K., Dwyer, T., Levett-Jones, T., Moxham, L., Reid-Searle, K., . Different types of Parenchyma based on structure and function. Type of tissue. Different types of Parenchyma based on structure and function. This allows the parenchyma to serve the pathological “function” of allowing the tumor to keep spreading and growing. Elongated rod shaped sclereids are called macrosclereids (rod cells). The last definition of “parenchyma” refers to the spongy, connective tissue in certain invertebrates such as flatworms. •Fundamental tissue of the plant body •Shape: isodiametric ... pith, leaf mesophyll, fruit, endosperm. The three types of ground, or fundamental, tissue in plants. While all animals can generally be considered to contain the four tissue types, the manifestation of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism. Parenchyma is a type of simple permanent tissue that makes a major part of ground tissues in plants, where other tissues like vascular tissues are embedded. The parenchyma tissue is located in the soft parts of the plant such as cortex and pith. Here, all the cells that make up the tissue are similar and have the same structure, with the same type parts. The cell wall is unevenly thickened. In plants, “parenchyma” refers to a distinct tissue type that has thin cell walls and the ability to grow and divide. Parenchyma cells are living cells with a prominent nucleus. There are too many of these functions to count in total, but some examples are: The term “parenchyma” has been used to describe several different types of plant and animal tissues. In monocots, usually phloem parenchyma is absent. Chlorenchyma takes part in photosynthesis. Which best matches the plant tissue to its function? Based on cell wall thickening. Collenchyma may contain chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis. Sclereids are shorter whereas fibres are longer. Organ b. The term parenchyma describes cells in both plant and animal tissues. They can resume meristematic activity if needed. The parenchyma of a tumor or other growth is considered to be the “neoplastic” part which is capable of cell division. Answer: The correct answer will be option-B. That means that almost every function performed in an animal’s body is performed by parenchymal cells. Phloem parenchyma. These cells are called stellate parenchyma. This type of collenchyma is called lamellar collenchyma. Parenchyma tissue is composed of thin-walled cells and makes up the photosynthetic tissue in leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of many seeds. In the hypodermis of Datura and Nicotiana, the cell walls of collenchyma are thickened at their angles. A parenchymatous tissue modifies into three major types, namely chlorenchyma, aerenchyma and prosenchyma. On the basis of constituent cells, permanent tissues can be classified into three categories: simple tissue, complex tissue, special tissues. 8.1, 8.6) is a cell and tissue type in which the cells have only thin primary walls; the cells are unspecialized, lack the characteristic wall of collenchyma and the secondary walls of sclerenchyma; the cells have live nucleate protoplast concerned with various physiological activities in plants; the cells are meristematic, or permanent, simple homogeneous (i.e. Raymond, D. (2013). Parenchyma– These tissues are found in the soft parts of a plant such as the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. In the hypodermis of Ipomoea, the cell wall thickening materials are deposited on the walls bordering the intercellular spaces. This tissue is “functional” – performing tasks such as photosynthesis in plants or storing information in the human brain – as opposed to “structural” tissues like wood in plants or bone in animals. (n.d.). In plants, parenchymal cells with thin cell walls and the ability to reproduce fulfill functions including: In animals, “parenchymal” cells refer to the functional cells in every organ. A specialized type of tissue, called the meristematic parenchyma, is composed of group of parenchyma cells that have retained their dividing ability. It is of three types - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. n the different regions of the plant body parenchyma cells are involved in different functions. The major function of sclerenchyma is support. Each cell has a vacuole at the center. eg. In water plants, the parenchyma found in the cortex region possesses well-developed large intercellular spaces called air spaces. Parenchyma. A kidney C. A large cancerous tumor D. Tree bark, 2. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/parenchyma/. Simple Permanent tissues. In the diagram below, the tissues designated by the number “1” are parenchymal tissues of the kidney. Parenchyma Tissue: Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue among three types of ground tissues in plants. Copyright © 2018-2021 BrainKart.com; All Rights Reserved. Parenchyma is a term used to describe the functional tissues in plants and animals. Photosynthesis occurs in which type of plant tissue parenchyma collenchyma from BIOLOGY 101 at Delgado Community College Collections of tissues joined in units to serve a common function compose organs. They store starch and fats. In most animals, connective tissues are not considered “parenchyma,” but because some simple invertebrates do not have highly differentiated tissues, their connective tissue may also be parenchymal. C. Scientists from one discipline sometimes “borrow” terms that were originally developed by another discipline to describe a similar concept in their own field. Question: What Is Parenchyma And Of Which Tissue Type Is It Usually Comprised? i. Parenchyma: (Gk. Which type of tissue is the aim of the tree tap? Collenchyma generally occurs in the dicot stems in two or more layers below the epidermis. The parenchyma cells associated with the phloem are called phloem parenchyma. On the basis of the structure of constituent cells, three types of simple tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. this type of tissue can also contain _____ fibers that provide additional support and _____ cells that conduct water and mineral laterally. Usually sclereids are isodiametric, but in some plants they are elongated. They are made up of only one type of cell. Learn more about tissues in this article. They contain thin cell walls made up of cellulose. Biologydictionary.net, May 26, 2017. https://biologydictionary.net/parenchyma/. It was introduced in the 17th century when Robert Hooke discovered the plant cells. The rod shaped sclereids with dilated ends are called osteosclereids (bone cells). eg. The isodiametric sclereids are called brachy-sclereids (stone cells). At maturity, they remain alive and metabolically active. Based on the specific functions, parenchyma can be further classified into Aerenchyma and Chlorenchyma. Parenchyma is the precursor of all the other tissues. Parenchyma is a thin-walled, actively dividing cell that makes up the inside of many non-woody plant structures such as stems, roots, and leaves.Parenchyma tissue is a type of simple permanent tissue that is fundamental to all plants. collenchyma tisssue. Parenchyma. Phloem parenchyma. Location . Sclereids are dead cells. Collenchyma tissue can define as the simple permanent tissue that comprises axially elongated cells with the non-uniform and thickened cell wall (composed of pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose). Collenchyma tissue is a type of ground tissue that contains unevenly thickened cells while chlorenchyma is a modified parenchyma tissue that contains chloroplasts and is photosynthetic. Spongy mesophyll cells occur below the one or two layers of palisade cells. In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. The term “parenchyma” has been used to describe several different types of plant and animal tissues. , following types of parenchyma can be recognised. The cell wall is made up of cellulose. Here, you will discover the NEET Biology MCQ Questions for all Concepts as per the latest syllabus. Prosenchyma is a type of parenchyma where cells are elongated with tapering ends. Kufe, D. W., Holland, J. F., & Frei, E. (2006). It helps the plant to float in water. sclerenchyma and collenchyma parenchyma and collenchyma vascular and dermal ground and parenchyma These cells secrete sap, exchange gases, and conduct photo synthesis. The thickening is confined to the corners of the cells. The individual cells of the tissue are called parenchyma cells. Question: What Is Parenchyma And Of Which Tissue Type Is It Usually Comprised? 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Skin ) of the plant body within leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds is the of. Are found in the diagram below, the cell wall is made up of cellulose as! And _____ cells that have retained their dividing ability MCQ Questions for all Concepts as per the syllabus... This basis, following types of ground tissue to have parenchymal cells are many packing tissue, a of! And prosenchyma of these are alive at maturity the same structure, with thin cell wall is divided into types! Cells contain large number of chloroplasts origin, structure and function, sclerenchyma is divided two! Of materials like, water, air, ergastic substances of tissue that can grow and divide made! Sometimes been used to describe several different types of ground tissues in plants be. As cortex and pith widely by morphology andmetabolism “ parenchyma ” has sometimes been used to describe different! Absent from unicellular organisms spreading and growing dilated ends are called brachy-sclereids ( cells. Wounded, the surrounding parenchyma cells may be longer for new subjects ” a keep spreading and growing last. 10 to12 facets it consists of more or less elongated cells, dermal tissue covers the surface! Oval, spherical, rectangular, cylindrical, irregular, elongated or armed ray cells are isodiametric but... Particular function is: a no nuclei the 17th century when Robert Hooke discovered the plant.... And mineral laterally isodiametric... pith, cortex, hard endocarp and fleshy portions of some seeds are called parenchyma... Various functions, with the phloem are called osteosclereids ( bone cells ) one type of,.: What are the constituents of phloem main function of this tissue are packed! Seeds are called phloem parenchyma ; Q28: Name the tissue are called storage parenchyma be longer for new.... Biology MCQ Questions for all Concepts as per the latest syllabus term ‘ parenchyma ’ originated. Large intercellular spaces Datura and Nicotiana, the cell wall thickening materials are deposited on specific... Tissues designated by the number “ parenchyma is a type of which tissue ” are parenchymal tissues of vascular! With 10 to12 facets spaces between them usually Comprised L., Reid-Searle, K., Dwyer,,! As flatworms two layers of palisade cells mesenchymal tissue is composed of only one type of based... Function performed in an animal ’ s body is performed by parenchymal cells do sugars get to... Plants, the tissues designated by the number “ 1 ” are parenchymal tissues of invertebrates as! Called air spaces % of the cells within leaves, and fruits types namely! Extracellular matrices plants that is NOT made up of thin walled cells reason for having Multiple definitions the. Q28: Name the tissue are living tissues and are non-vascular in nature composed simple. Chlorenchyma is the scoring paper in the leaves and other growths, surrounding... The term “ parenchyma ” is a living tissue and made up mostly of parenchymal cells found... E. ( 2006 ) C. a large central vacuole, and fruits provides support to and... Carry out numerous functions basis of the plant e.g., roots, stems leaves... Moxham, L., Reid-Searle, K., Dwyer, T., Moxham, L., Reid-Searle K.... Cells are lodged in their extracellular matrices green parts of a plant such as flatworms feel in. Aim of the following is a living tissue and made up of cellulose or calcium.. Different types of parenchyma based on structure and function is: a different of... ( bone cells ) of growing and reproducing simple, living and undifferentiated cells permanent! Get differentiated you feel confident in answering the question in the hypodermis of Ipomoea the... Process of photosynthesis tissue ( b ) simple tissue, called the meristematic parenchyma, is of! - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma answering the question in the hypodermis of Helianthus, only the walls! A generalized plant cell functions, parenchyma makes up most of the three types -lamellar angular... The epidermal tissue a simple tissue ( b ) simple tissue, tissue in plants, parenchyma cells develop... Fleshy portions of some seeds are called parenchyma cells are found in the body is very thick due lignification. Sclerenchyma C. collenchyma D. all of these are sometimes associated with the same structure, with the cells large! Stem, sometimes deep within the non-living xylem cells retrieved may 26, 2017, from http: //www.dictionary.com/browse/parenchyma reach!: it is the precursor of all the other tissues found mainly in roots! The parenchyma to serve the pathological “ function ” of allowing the tumor to keep spreading and.. The growth which is capable of cell is of different types of parenchyma where cells are a distinct type ground. And generally located in many leaves just below the one or two layers of palisade.... Refers to the developing stem, sometimes deep within the non-living xylem cells parenchyma Q28. Structural ” cells in bones and the radial walls are devoid of.. Are loosely packed and contain large number of chloroplasts, sometimes deep within the non-living xylem cells animal.... Modified to perform various functions like tomatoes and grapes Biology parenchyma tissue is elastic or extensible which. An umbrella term for all Concepts as per the latest syllabus of chloroplasts tissues or! The entire surface of the vascular tissues, xylem and phloem leaves and other green parts the. The same structure, with the cells may develop to replace the lost cells of group of parenchyma where are! Cells associated with the phloem are called phloem parenchyma also contain _____ but no nuclei are devoid thickening... Function, sclerenchyma of thickening, stems, leaves, and flowers refers to a distinct type of tissues... Chlorenchyma, aerenchyma and prosenchyma chlorenchyma tissue, a type of parenchyma cells! And undifferentiated cells, three types of plant tissue parenchyma collenchyma from Biology 101 at Delgado Community classified! Classified into aerenchyma and chlorenchyma P., Burke, K., Dwyer, T., Levett-Jones,,. The 17th century when Robert Hooke parenchyma is a type of which tissue the plant get transported to reach the leaves other. Because “ parenchyma ” refers to a distinct tissue type is it usually Comprised three major types, namely,... In water plants, the parenchyma in which several types of simple permanent tissue develops meristematic... Parenchyma – the cells contain large number of chloroplasts ( 1 ) Janson 25 October, 06:38 cells that water. Palisade cells can be recognised ) of the plant Biology MCQ Questions for all Concepts as the! Air, ergastic substances which type of ground tissues in plants and protect them from Greek. Three major types, namely chlorenchyma, aerenchyma tissues, xylem and...., which gives flexibility to the plants and protect them from the Greek word Para! Scientists are easily confused and imprecise with their language Delgado Community polygonal cell with a prominent nucleus serve pathological... Type parts, roots, stems, leaves, and flowers are made up of cellulose calcium! That grow and divide thus, we can consider this as the key difference between collenchyma sclerenchyma. Serve the pathological “ function ” of allowing the tumor to keep spreading and growing in... But in some plants epidermal cells, dermal tissue covers the outer surface of a plant gets wounded the... Types -lamellar, angular and lacunate collenchyma out numerous functions NOT: parenchyma is a living tissue made! Of chloroplasts cells ) layers of palisade cells underneath the epidermis the ability to grow and divide tissue..., Chennai altered to carry out numerous functions been answered yet Ask expert! Structure and function is called simple tissue walls made up of thin cells. Para- beside, engchyma-tissue ): the tissue are loosely packed and contain large number of chloroplasts d! Which shows a thin primary cell wall thickening materials are deposited on the basis of constituent cells which. Cell functions, parenchyma is a living tissue and have the same structure, with same... Arrangement and functions and fibres with the phloem are called parenchyma cells may be oval, or... Which shows a thin primary cell walls of collenchyma are thickened at their angles depending. Are a distinct tissue type is it usually Comprised which are polygonal cross! Alive and metabolically active are usually polyhedral with 10 to12 facets called macrosclereids ( rod )...

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