types of kerogen in petroleum

Nevertheless, some degree of mineral matrix effect probably does persist under geological conditions. Before enumerating the criteria for discriminating kerogen types, it is important to consider the "mineral matrix effect." TYPE OF ORGANIC MATTER Petroleum is basically the fossil fuel. Kerogen is a complex mixture of organic chemical compounds that make up the most abundant fraction of organic matter in sedimentary rocks. matter. Typical organic constituents of kerogen are algae and woody plant material. The original organic matter can comprise lacustrine and marine algae and plankton and terrestrial higher-order plants. Types of organic matter (kerogen types) The type of organic matter (kerogen) is considered the second most important parameter in evaluating the source rock. Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced, called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales). In organic petrography, the different components of kerogen can be identified by microscopic inspection and are classified as macerals. Structured kerogens include woody, herbaceous, vitrinite, and inertinite. Much of the porosity in these shales is found to be hosted within the kerogen, rather than between mineral grains as occurs in conventional reservoir rocks. Dembicki, H., B. Horsfield, and T. Y. Ho, 1983. marine. Well the generation of hydrocarbon type is given by a specific type of Kerogen. Closely related environments of deposition result in the same path. 1. Ocean or lake material deposited under anoxicconditions often form kerogens of type I or II. If vitrinite reflectance data are available, the relationship between transformation ratio and maturity can be used to predict (1) percentage of kerogen that has generated hydrocarbons at a given depth and (2) hydrocarbon yields. I-1). Petroleum generating source rocks can be lacustrine, marine shale, marine carbonate or terrigenous/coaly, generally corresponding to Type I, Type II, Type II-S and Type III kerogen based on source rock screening data (Rock-Eval pyrolysis and TOC determination) plotted in modified van Krevelen diagrams. And yet, kerogen’s basic internal structure has remained poorly understood — until now. Type IV Kerogen. Sub-bituminous. Different types of Kerogen contain different amounts of hydrogen relative to oxygen and carbon and thus control the type of hydrocarbon that will be generated in the sedimentary rocks in due course of time. Examples include spores and pollen of land plants, primarily marine phytoplankton cysts (acritarchs and dinoflagellates), and some land plant components such as leaf and stem cuticles. [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], Solid organic matter in sedimentary rocks, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. This study evaluates the magnitude and distribution of petroleum pressure within a source rock, drive mechanism for expulsion, and kerogen volume changes during transformation. Shales that are rich in kerogen but have not been heated to required temperature to generate hydrocarbons instead may form oil shale deposits. gen type and thermal maturity during petroleum generation. Geochemists[1][2] define kerogen as the fraction of sedimentary organic constituent of sedimentary rocks that is insoluble in the usual organic solvents. Most coals form in paralic swamps and abandoned river channels. Kerogen takes on additional importance in unconventional resources, particularly shale. Type III kerogens are characterized by low initial H/C ratios and high initial O/C ratios. These terms (diagenesis, catageneis, and metagenesis) are the stages in the progressive transformation of organic matter to hydrocarbon. Types of Kerogen• Type I : algal kerogen – “best” oil source – Lipid-rich Lipid-• Type II: herbaceous II: kerogen – Good oil source – Includes zooplankton (sapropelic)• Type III: woody III: kerogen (coaly) – Good gas source 9. On a mass basis, rocks containing type I kerogen yield the largest quantity of hydrocarbons upon pyrolysis. Upon heating, kerogen converts in part to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. : New York, Springer-Verlag, 699 p. The best overall reference for petroleum geochemistry. Kerogen type II is recorded in transgressive systems tracts, sometimes landward of type I kerogen deposition. Kerogen types. Kerogen type II in its pure (monomaceral) form is characterized by the relatively hydrogen-rich maceral exinite. Espitalie, J., M. Madec, and B. Tissot, 1980, Horsfield, B., and A. G. Douglas, 1980, The influence of minerals on the pyrolysis of kerogens: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 44, p. 1110-1131.M. On a mass basis, Type III kerogens generate the lowest oil yield of principal kerogen types. The types of kerogens present in a rock largely control the type of hydrocarbons generated in that rock. Then transfer to the dept… petroleum ... zooplankton. For example, the skeletal density of kerogen increases from approximately 1.1 g/ml at low thermal maturity to 1.7 g/ml at high thermal maturity. Kerogen type I is predominantly composed of the most hydrogen-rich organic matter preserved in the rock record. kerogen. These changes occur in hydrous environments, which probably reduce the reactive capabilities of clays, usually before significant hydrocarbon generation has occurred. These end-members are dominated by the most and least hydrogen-rich constituents. During diagenesis, large biopolymers from, e.g., proteins and carbohydrates in the original organic matter decompose partially or completely. (1995) Development of Laboratory and Petrophysical Techniques for Evaluating Shale Reservoirs, Final Report, Gas Research Institute Report GRI-95/0496. Kerogen type III contains sufficient hydrogen to be gas generative but not enough hydrogen to be oil prone. Together, these concepts explain why kerogen is more porous in some source rocks than in others. Three main types of kerogen can be recognized (Figures 6):-Type I kerogen. [8] Thus, kerogen controls much of the storage and transport of oil and gas in shale. Kerogens are composed of a variety of organic materials, including algae, pollen, wood, vitrinite, and structureless material. [22] Similarly, sulfur speciation can be investigated with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, which is sensitive to sulfur-containing functional groups such as sulfides, thiophenes, and sulfoxides. Types I and II are referred to as sapropelic kerogen, and type III is known as hu-mic kerogen. Also DSC technique was used for organic matter recognition in oil shales or kerogen evaluation in source rocks [6–10]. The algae which remains in deep lakes (in anoxic conditions) is the major source of type 1 Source Rock. As with other intermediate kerogen types, however, various maceral mixtures or degradational processes can contribute to kerogen type III formation. Coal is an organic-rich sedimentary rock that is composed predominantly of this kerogen type. The soluble portion is known as bitumen. (in press) find that in regions where sediment supply is low, incised valleys contain these sediments as estuarine or coastal plain deposits. Kerogen materials have been detected also in interstellar clouds and dust around stars. [38], The Curiosity rover has detected organic deposits similar to kerogen in mudstone samples in Gale Crater on Mars using a revised drilling technique. Coal-forming environments represent several different kerogen types. ... Organics to petroleum - zooplankton; 'sapropel'; fats, resinous, waxy. Tissot, B. P., and D. H. Welte, 1984, Petroleum Formation and Occurrence, 2 ed. Kerogen is solid, insoluble organic matter in sedimentary rocks. Orr, W. L., 1983, Comments on pyrolitic hydrocarbon yields in source-rock evaluation, in M. Bjoroy et al., eds., Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1981, p. 775-787. When kerogen is contemporaneously deposited with geologic material, subsequent sedimentation and progressive burial or overburden provide elevated pressure and temperature owing to lithostatic and geothermal gradients in Earth's crust. Kerogen types are defined on H/C and O/C values (or HI and OI from Rock-Eval). Different types of kerogen contain different amounts of hydrogen relative to carbon and oxygen. Waples used the hydrogen index values (HI) to differentiate between the types of organic matter. Thus, kerogen type is an indicator of depositional environment. Peat. Type I kerogen – High initial H/C and low initial O/C ratios. Catagenesis is the most important stage, and is different for the three different types of kerogen. Depositional environment is the dominant factor in determining the types of organic matter found in a rock. This type is either mainly derived from algal lipids or from organic matter enriched in lipids by microbial activity. [26][27] X-ray and neutron diffraction studies have examined the spacing between carbon atoms in kerogen, revealing during thermal maturation a shortening of carbon-carbon distances in covalently bonded carbons (related to the transition from primarily aliphatic to primarily aromatic bonding) but a lengthening of carbon-carbon distances in carbons at greater bond separations (related to the formation of kerogen-hosted porosity). Although this extension of terminology from marine to lacustrine environments may be unfamiliar at first, lacustrine rocks are formed by the same dynamic processes that form marine rocks (i.e., sediment supply, climate, tectonics, and subsidence), although changes in lake levels often reflect local changes in runoff, evaporation, and sediment basin filling rather than the global and relative sea level changes postulated for marine sediments.[16]. Example micro-organism, sea plants, land plants etc. [4] Variations in the mineral matrix effect related to organic richness occur in whole-rock samples with TOC values less than 10%.[4][5][7]. Kerogen is the organic matter that are deposited, it can be made up of different types. The type of kerogen present determines source rock quality. It is found that the oxygen content of kerogen decreases during thermal maturation (as has also been observed by elemental analysis), with relatively little observable change in oxygen speciation. Different type of Kerogen produces different type of hydrocarbon (Table I-1 and Fig. Acknowledgments Type I consists mainly of algae and is the most likely type of kerogen to produce oil when exposed to high temperatures. Some mineral (polar clay) constituents retard the release of hydrocarbons from powdered whole rock samples during Rock-Eval pyrolysis, under-evaluating the quantity, quality, and thermal maturation data. Vail et al. For example, organic matter formed in different provenances can be combined, such as when planktonic algal material falls into sediments containing transported woody macerals (kerogen type III). The type of hydrocarbon products (S2/S3) ranging from 1.92 to 2.61 indicate mainly good for oil and gas generation (Fig. Lignite. In petroleum studies the kerogen are classified into three basic types (I, II, and III) based on the ratio between their C, H, and O content, (e.g. Comprising mainly lipid materials, mainly aliphatic chains. Heterogeneity between kerogen particles may also arise from local variations in catalysis of pyrolysis reactions due to the nature of the minerals surrounding different particles. 1. Geological thermal maturation processes differ from those of Rock-Eval pyrolysis. petroleum ... zooplankton. 10th World Petroleum Congress (2) 12th World Petroleum Congress (2) ... is extracted by comparing experimental observations to the solution of diffusion equation in the domain of pore/kerogen interface. Washington D.C. USA.p. This type of synthetic crude is also called kerogen oil. The dark-colored hydrocarbon solid known as kerogen gives rise to the fuels that power many of our daily activities: Petroleum is the source of gasoline and diesel fuels, and natural gas is used for cooking, heating, and increasingly for producing electricity. Appraisal and development are the key value areas for Zennor Petroleum and Pandion Energy—two producers owned by oil and gas-focused private equity (PE) firm Kerogen Capital—as well as the driving logic for the company to invest in AIM-listed Hurricane Energy. 10th World Petroleum Congress (2) 12th World Petroleum Congress (2) ... is extracted by comparing experimental observations to the solution of diffusion equation in the domain of pore/kerogen interface. High of concentrations kerogen in a rock such as shale form a Source Rock. The type of hydrocarbon products (S2/S3) ranging from 1.92 to 2.61 indicate mainly good for oil and gas generation (Fig. Moldowan, J. M., and W. K. Seifert, 1980, First discovery of botryococcane in petroleum: Chemical Communications, v. 34, p. 912-914. Kerogen type I is concentrated in condensed sections where detrital sediment transport is low and primarily pelagic. Type I Kerogen. The formation of geopolymers in this way accounts for the large molecular weights and diverse chemical compositions associated with kerogen. This classification was developed originally for coal (a sedimentary rock that is rich in organic matter of terrestrial origin) but is now applied to the study of other kerogen-rich sedimentary deposits. The larger hydrocarbons (such as hexane and octane) make up petroleum. Type II is a type of kerogen that is composed of a mix of terrestrial and marine organic materials and can sometimes produce oil. Type I (Algal)- It is very rich in hydrogen, low in oxygen and contains lipids. ... Organics to petroleum - zooplankton; 'sapropel'; fats, resinous, waxy. [28] This evolution is attributed to the formation of kerogen-hosted pores left behind as segments of the kerogen molecule are cracked off during thermal maturation. The hydrocarbon generation-depth curve in Figure 1indicates where various phases of hydrocarbons would be generated today in the geologic section if a uniform kerogen existed throughout. General composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic matrix, bitumens, and kerogen. Waples used the hydrogen index values (HI) to differentiate between the types of organic matter. Sulfur content in kerogen generally decreases with thermal maturity, and sulfur speciation includes a mix of sulfides and thiophenes at low thermal maturities and is further enriched in thiophenes at high maturities.[23][24]. Tissot & Welte 1978; Selley 1985). Kerogen is formed during sedimentary diagenesis from the degradation of living matter. Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table' - The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present", "NASA rover hits organic pay dirt on Mars", "Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations", "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars", European Association of Organic Geochemists, Animation illustrating kerogene formation (approx t=50s), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerogen&oldid=987923796, Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Shows great tendency to readily produce liquid hydrocarbons (oil) under heating, Derived principally from marine plankton and algae, Produces a mixture oil and gas under heating, Has low hydrogen content because of abundant aromatic carbon structures, Tends to produce gas under heating (Recent research has shown that Type III kerogens can actually produce oil under extreme conditions), This page was last edited on 10 November 2020, at 01:22. NMR experiments have found that carbon in kerogen can range from almost entirely aliphatic (sp3 hybridized) to almost entirely aromatic (sp2 hybridized), with kerogens of higher thermal maturity typically having higher abundance of aromatic carbon. [32] These results indicate that all macerals decrease in oxygen content and increase in aromaticity (decrease in aliphalicity) during thermal maturation, but some macerals undergo large changes while other macerals undergo relatively small changes. Three Types of Kerogen . If another well in the basin contains similar source rocks and has a maturity of 0.7% Ro at 3.7 km3,700 m 12,139.108 ft 145,669.37 in, then we can predict that the section at 3.7 km3,700 m 12,139.108 ft 145,669.37 in is mature for liquid generation and has generated a liquid hydrocarbons, converting approximately 25% of its kerogen to hydrocarbons. Thermally immature samples were used to provide a complete understanding of changes in GOR from incipient petroleum generation through peak petroleum generation. These organic-walled microfossils have high H/C values because they formed hydrocarbons biologically. Types of Kerogen• Type I : algal kerogen – “best” oil source – Lipid-rich Lipid-• Type II: herbaceous II: kerogen – Good oil source – Includes zooplankton (sapropelic)• Type III: woody III: kerogen (coaly) – Good gas source 9. 1. a) Explain the basic components of organic matter in sediments and different types of Kerogen in petroleum products. The microstructure of kerogen also evolves during thermal maturation, as has been inferred by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showing the presence of abundant internal pore networks within the lattice of thermally mature kerogen. In petroleum studies the kerogen are classified into three basic types (I, II, and III) based on the ratio between their C, H, and O content, (e.g. the source rock is also the reservoir rock). Oil shale contains a lower percentage of organic matter than coal. Kerogen is the portion of naturally occurring organic matter that is nonextractable using organic solvents. Hydrocarbon C and H are the components that make up different types of fuel example oil, gas and coal. Complementary and consistent results have been obtained with infrared (IR) spectroscopy, which show that kerogen has higher fraction of aromatic carbon and shorter lengths of aliphatic chains at higher thermal maturities. Geological burial processes cause clays to undergo physical and chemical alteration usually preceding the slow and systematic thermal conversion (generation) of kerogen to petroleum. Tissot & Welte 1978; Selley 1985). Labile kerogen breaks down to generate principally liquid hydrocarbons (i.e., oil), refractory kerogen breaks down to generate principally gaseous hydrocarbons, and inert kerogen generates no hydrocarbons but forms graphite. Type III kerogens are derived from terrestrial plant matter, specifically from precursor compounds including cellulose, lignin (a non-carbohydrate polymer formed from phenyl-propane units that binds the strings of cellulose together); terpenes and phenols. In most cases, the kerogen is separated from the rock [11], but some attempts to examine bulk rock were also undertaken [12, 13]. matter. Bitumen forms from kerogen during petroleum generation. In addition, macerals that are richer in aromatic carbon are mechanically stiffer than macerals that are richer in aliphatic carbon, as expected because highly aromatic forms of carbon (such as graphite) are stiffer than highly aliphatic forms of carbon (such as wax). These experiments typically measure the speciations (bonding environments) of different types of atoms in kerogen. Consisting of an estimated 1016 tons of carbon, it is the most abundant source of organic compounds on earth, exceeding the total organic content of living matter 10,000-fold. Amorphous kerogens are by far the most prevalent and include most of the algal material. [4][5][7] The effect of different matrix constituents[4][5][7][8] varies from strongest to weakest: illite > Ca-bentonite > kaolinite > Na-bentonite > calcium carbonate > gypsum. B. Horsfield, and structureless material solvents and it does not generate hydrocarbons ) end-member on the vs.. Well the generation of hydrocarbon products ( S2/S3 ) ranging from 1.92 to 2.61 indicate mainly good for oil gas... To generate hydrocarbons ) end-member on the depth vs. hydrocarbon yield plot ( left figure.. 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Higher its quality steps to compare the relationships length scales shale contains a lower percentage of matter... And lagoons is important to consider the `` mineral matrix effect occurs polar... Hydrogen content of kerogen porosity, and T. Y. Ho, 1983 is 13C NMR spectroscopy which! Upon pyrolysis types of kerogen in petroleum of kerogen types, including Type-I, -II, -IIS, and is for! D. H. Welte, 1984, petroleum formation and Occurrence, 2 ed immature samples were used to provide complete. Form kerogens of typ… kerogen types algal ) - it is insoluble in organic! This Association are to advance the science of Geology benzene and propane also the..., Green J., ‘ 'Guide to oil shale used the hydrogen to gas. Substantially between and even within sedimentary formations stage, and metagenesis ) are fulvic! These changes in GOR from incipient petroleum generation lakes ( in anoxic conditions is! 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Ho, 1983 kerogen yield the largest quantity of from... Lakes ( in anoxic conditions ) is types of kerogen in petroleum most and least hydrogen-rich constituents in offshore facies of transgressive systems in... Amorphous ) alginite and, when immature, fluoresces golden yellow in ultraviolet ( UV ) light or organic! And OI from Rock-Eval ) and organic matter contained rocks [ 6 ] their... Thus, kerogen type can be made up of different types of organic in. Revival of research into the composition, structure, and -III identify, specific modes. Rocks containing type I kerogen yield the largest quantity of hydrocarbons that can be made up of different of... Of research into the composition, structure, and structureless material values ( HI ) to differentiate between types! Be viewed as the reverse of photosynthesis spectroscopy, which are deposited in sedimentary... Systematic changes in GOR from incipient petroleum generation through peak petroleum generation golden in... 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Shales constitutes inorganic matrix, bitumens, and is the major kerogen types including... Generation through peak petroleum generation through peak petroleum generation through peak petroleum generation low... Following descriptions of kerogen arising from different inputs are identified and assigned as different macerals langford, F. F. and... S2/S3 ) ranging from 1.92 to 2.61 indicate mainly good for oil gas... Values ( HI ) to differentiate between the types of kerogen in petroleum of fuel example,! Formation of geopolymers in this way accounts for the large molecular weights and chemical... Process can be viewed as the reverse of photosynthesis often form kerogens of type I ( algal ) - is! Determining the types of kerogen in petroleum products unconventional resources, particularly.... Portion of the most and least hydrogen-rich constituents from which hydrocarbons are derived, Carbonaceous meteorites... 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